Viruses are one of the most well-known types of malware. They have a legitimate function but can also be used for criminal purposes. Prosecutors need to be aware that some programmes have a dual use. Malware may be destructive, for example, deleting files or causing system crashes, but may also be used to steal personal data. Malware (malicious software) spreads between computers and interferes with computer operations. 
For larger organisations, the financial losses may be very significant, or may have severe impacts on infrastructure, which also need to be taken into account. Consideration should be given to the impacts associated with the primary offending behaviour as well as any subsequent offending. In many cases, the offender may be motivated by personal profit or financial gain.
gather personal data or information of use to criminals Ĭybercriminals may use a number of methods to hack into a computer system or network. It is the unauthorised use of, or access into, computers or networks by exploiting identified security vulnerabilities. Hacking is a form of intrusion targeted at computers, including mobile phones and personal tablet devices. The majority of cyber criminals have relatively low skills levels, but their attacks are increasingly enabled by the growing online criminal marketplace, which provides easy access to sophisticated and bespoke tools and expertise, allowing these less skilled cybercriminals to exploit a wide range of vulnerabilities. Insiders or employees with privileged access to computers and networks. Other states and state sponsored groups launching cyber-attacks with the aim of collecting information on or compromising UK government, defence, economic and industrial assets and. 
Cyber-terrorists who intend to cause maximum disruption and impact.Individuals or groups with low skill levels but the ability to use cyber tools developed by others.Individuals or groups with high skill levels but low criminal intent, for example protest hacktivists.
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Highly skilled individuals or groups who can code and disseminate software to attack computer networks and systems, either to commit crime or facilitate others to do so. the disruption or downgrading of computer functionality and network space, such as malware and Denial of Service (DOS) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks.Ĭyber-dependent crimes are committed for many different reasons by individuals, groups and even sovereign states. Illicit intrusions into computer networks, such as hacking and. Cyber-enabled crimes - traditional crimes which can be increased in scale or reach by the use of computers, computer networks or other forms of ICT (such as cyber-enabled fraud and data theft).Ĭyber-dependent crimes fall broadly into two main categories:. developing and propagating malware for financial gain, hacking to steal, damage, distort or destroy data and/or network or activity). Cyber-dependent crimes - crimes that can be committed only through the use of Information and Communications Technology (‘ICT’) devices, where the devices are both the tool for committing the crime, and the target of the crime (e.g. The Government's National Cyber Security Strategy defines these as: Practical and operational points to consider when prosecuting a cybercrime case.Ĭybercrime is an umbrella term used to describe two closely linked, but distinct ranges of criminal activity. Cyber-enabled crimes and the legislation which should be considered when reviewing and charging a cyber-enabled case, and. Cyber-dependent crimes and the legislation which should be considered when reviewing and charging a cyber-dependent case. This guidance provides a summary of the main types of cybercrime offending and highlights where further guidance is available. 
Annex B: Cybercrime types and related Cyber- Enabled Offences.Annex A: Cybercrime types and related Cyber-Dependent Offences.Extreme Pornography and Obscene Publications.Child Sexual Offences and Indecent Images of Children.Disclosing private sexual images without consent.Offences that specifically target Individuals (including Cyber-Enabled VAWG).Intellectual Property Crime (Piracy, Counterfeiting and Forgery).
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